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                <p>很久没有做爬虫破解类相关的分享了，之前交流群里有朋友提问谷歌系的reCAPTCHA V2 验证码怎么破，因为工作的原因我是很久之后才看到的，也不知道那位朋友后来成功了没有。所以今天就来跟大家分享一下 reCAPTCHA V2 的破解。 （小马补充：想加交流群的朋友，进入公众号下方，点击技术交流，有读者群和交流群，点击后都会弹出崔老师的二维码，扫微信二维码拉群～） 如果大家访问国外的一些网站的话，想必肯定见过这样的一个验证码，它上面写着「I’m not a robot」，意为「我不是机器人」，验证码长这个样子： <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-12-26-001513.png" alt=""> 这时候，只要我们点击最前面的复选框，验证码算法会首先利用其「风险分析引擎」做一次安全检测，如果直接检验通过的话，我们会直接得到如下的结果： <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-12-26-000950.png" alt=""> 如果算法检测到当前系统存在风险，比如可能是陌生的网络环境，可能是模拟程序，会需要做二次校验。它会进一步弹出类似如下的内容： <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-12-26-002143.png" alt=""> 比如上面这张图，验证码页面会出现九张图片，同时最上方出现文字「树木」，我们需要点选下方九张图中出现「树木」的图片，点选完成之后，可能还会出现几张新的图片，我们需要再次完成点选，最后点击「验证」按钮即可完成验证。 或者我们可以点击下方的「耳机」图标，这时候会切换到听写模式，验证码会变成这样： <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-12-26-004236.png" alt=""> 这时候我们如果能填写对验证码读的音频内容，同样可以通过验证。 这两种方式都可以通过验证，验证完成之后，我们才能完成表单的提交，比如完成登录、注册等操作。 这种验证码叫什么名字？ 这个验证码就是 Google 的 reCAPTCHA V2 验证码，它就属于行为验证码的一种，这些行为包括点选复选框、选择对应图片、语音听写等内容，只有将这些行为校验通过，此验证码才能通过验证。相比于一般的图形验证码来说，此种验证码交互体验更好、安全性会更高、破解难度更大。 许多国外的网站都采用了此种验证码，由于某些原因，在国内其实无法直接使用，但只需要将验证码的域名更换为 recaptcha.net 同样是可以使用的，所以有时候我们在国内某些站点同样能看到它的身影。 其实上文所介绍的验证码仅仅是 reCAPTCHA 验证码的一种形式，是 V2 的显式版本，另外其 V2 版本还有隐式版本，隐式版本在校验的时候不会再显式地出现验证页面，它是通过 JavaScript 将验证码和提交按钮进行绑定，在提交表单的时候会自动完成校验。除了 V2 版本，Google 又推出了最新的 V3 版本，reCAPTCHA V3 验证码会为根据用户的行为来计算一个分数，这个分数代表了用户可能为机器人的概率，最后通过概率来判断校验是否可以通过。其安全性更高、体验更好。 具体的内容大家可以参考 reCAPTCHA 的官方介绍：<a href="https://developers.google.com/recaptcha" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://developers.google.com/recaptcha</a>。 那么在做爬虫的时候，如果我们遇到了这样的验证码？该怎么办呢？不要着急，这篇文章就来介绍一个解决方案。</p>
                <h2 id="机器学习-vs-识别服务"><a href="#机器学习-vs-识别服务" class="headerlink" title="机器学习 vs 识别服务"></a>机器学习 vs 识别服务</h2>
                <p>之前我在写上一篇如何识别滑动验证码问题的时候，当时朋友留言问我能不能做一个机器学习的，我回复了，我说当然没问题，你等着，我这周就做。 我那周从周一做到周五，我记得用的应该是 yolo，反复修改，小马还经常过来催崔稿，耗费良久，然后就在那周周五晚上的23:59分，我灵机一动，终于明白了。 去他的机器学习，有服务不好吗？ reCAPTCHA 本身比极验还要复杂，国内网站我暂时没看到破解的，然后这次是用的俄罗斯的一个服务商 2Captcha 提供的 图像识别和一系列行为验证码的识别服务。 <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-12-26-012846.png" alt=""> 破解验证码背后有图像识别算法和大量人力的支撑，如果我们仅仅是简单的图形验证码，其可以通过一些图像识别算法将内容识别出来转化为文本内容。如果是较为复杂的图形验证码或者像 reCAPTCHA 类似的行为验证码，其背后会有人来对验证码进行模拟，然后返回其验证成功后的秘钥，我们利用其结果便可以完成一些验证码的绕过。 当然这种网站肯定是要收费的，按照 1000 次识别为单位，其花费的费用为 0.5 美刀到 2.99 美刀不等，比如非常简单的图形验证码可能就是 0.5 美刀，这种验证码对于其人力和算力资源消耗都是相对较小的，对于复杂的 reCAPTCHA 验证码，就要花 2.99 美刀了，因为识别这么一个验证码并不容易，其背后的人可能需要看好多图，点选好多次才能完成一次成功的验证。 目前我用的服务的收费标准是这样的： <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-12-26-012237.png" alt=""> 具体的内容或者更新大家可以到其官方说明 <a href="https://2captcha.com/2captcha-api#rates" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://2captcha.com/2captcha-api#rates</a> 去查看。 后面我用他的服务来破解 reCAPTCHA，当然类比其他服务也是可以的，过程大概都是这样。</p>
                <h2 id="准备工作"><a href="#准备工作" class="headerlink" title="准备工作"></a>准备工作</h2>
                <p>要使用 2Captcha，第一步当然是注册一下它的账号了，注册完成之后我们可以进入到 2Captcha 的控制台，类似于这样子： <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-12-26-013234.png" alt=""> 在这里我们可以看到账户余额、API KEY、FAQ 等配置。 这里最重要的就是 API KEY 了，它是我们用来使用 2Captcha 的凭证，我们将它复制下来，后面我们会在代码中使用它。 <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-12-26-013456.png" alt=""> 好，准备工作完成了，我们接下来进入正式内容。</p>
                <h2 id="2Captcha-for-reCAPTCHA-V2"><a href="#2Captcha-for-reCAPTCHA-V2" class="headerlink" title="2Captcha for reCAPTCHA V2"></a>2Captcha for reCAPTCHA V2</h2>
                <p>在上文我们已经介绍过 reCAPTCHA V2 的使用和交互流程了，下面我们来介绍下其识别和绕过的基本流程。 在这里我们就拿官方的 reCAPTCHA V2 的示例网站来做演示吧，其网址为：<a href="https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api2/demo，打开之后界面如下所示" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://www.google.com/recaptcha/api2/demo，打开之后界面如下所示</a>： <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-12-26-014533.png" alt=""> 在这里可以看到有一个表单，上面有一些输入框，下方是 reCAPTCHA V2 验证码。 要识别这个验证码，第一步便是找到这个验证码 sitekey，这个是验证码的唯一标识。 我们打开浏览器的开发者工具，查看其页面源码，首先找到 reCAPTCHA 的源代码，如下图所示： <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-12-26-015303.png" alt=""> 可以看到 reCAPTCHA 是对应了一个 iframe，我们看到的 reCAPTCHA 内容都是在 iframe 里面呈现出来的。 这里我们可以观察到在 reCAPTCHA 的源码的最外层的 div 上面有一个字段，叫做 data-sitekey，这就是刚才我们所说的 sitekey，它是验证码的唯一标识，比如这里我先将这个 sitekey 保存下来，这里其值为：</p>
                <figure class="highlight angelscript">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line"><span class="number">6</span>Le-wvkSAAAAAPBMRTvw0Q4Muexq9bi0DJwx_mJ-</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>下一步，我们就需要将这个 sitekey 和当前页面的 URL 告诉 2Captcha，让 2Captcha 来帮助我们识别这个 reCAPTCHA 验证码，告诉 2Captcha 之后，2Captcha 会利用这些信息加载出对应的验证码，再利用其背后的人力来对验证码进行识别，最后将识别得到的 token 返回给我们即可。 好，那么接下来怎么把这个信息告诉 2Captcha 呢？ 很简单，2Captcha 为我们提供了一个接口，其接口地址为：<a href="https://2captcha.com/in.php，我们只需要将对应的信息发送到这个接口就好了" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://2captcha.com/in.php，我们只需要将对应的信息发送到这个接口就好了</a>。 那么发送需要什么参数呢，在这里介绍一下：</p>
                <p>参数</p>
                <p>类型</p>
                <p>必须</p>
                <p><strong>描述</strong></p>
                <p>key</p>
                <p>String</p>
                <p>Yes</p>
                <p>我们自己的 API KEY</p>
                <p>method</p>
                <p>String</p>
                <p>Yes</p>
                <p>userrecaptcha，定义破解 reCAPTCHA 验证码的方式</p>
                <p>googlekey</p>
                <p>String</p>
                <p>Yes</p>
                <p>reCAPTCHA 的 sitekey</p>
                <p>pageurl</p>
                <p>String</p>
                <p>Yes</p>
                <p>reCAPTCHA 当前所在的 URL</p>
                <p>invisible</p>
                <p>Integer Default: 0</p>
                <p>No</p>
                <p>是否可见，1 代表是隐式验证码，0 代表普通验证码。</p>
                <p>header_acao</p>
                <p>Integer Default: 0</p>
                <p>No</p>
                <p>跨域访问配置</p>
                <p>pingback</p>
                <p>String</p>
                <p>No</p>
                <p>回调地址</p>
                <p>json</p>
                <p>Integer Default: 0</p>
                <p>No</p>
                <p>返回格式，1 代表返回 JSON 格式，0 代表纯文本，默认 0</p>
                <p>soft_id</p>
                <p>Integer</p>
                <p>No</p>
                <p>ID of software developer. Developers who integrated their software with 2captcha get reward: 10% of spendings of their software users.</p>
                <p>proxy</p>
                <p>String</p>
                <p>No</p>
                <p>代理配置</p>
                <p>在这里我们可以构造一个 URL，它包括这几个参数：</p>
                <ul>
                  <li>key：注意这里的 KEY 换成你自己的 API KEY</li>
                  <li>method：直接赋值 userrecaptcha</li>
                  <li>googlekey：复制的 sitekey</li>
                  <li>pageurl：当前 URL</li>
                  <li>json：直接赋值 1，代表返回 JSON 格式</li>
                </ul>
                <p>比如在这里我就构造了这个 URL，内容如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight llvm">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">https://<span class="number">2</span>captcha.com/in.php?key=<span class="keyword">c</span><span class="number">0</span>ae<span class="number">5935</span>d<span class="number">807</span><span class="keyword">c</span><span class="number">28</span>f<span class="number">285e5</span>cb<span class="number">16</span><span class="keyword">c</span><span class="number">676</span>a<span class="number">48</span>&amp;method=userrecaptcha&amp;googlekey=<span class="number">6</span>Le-wvkSAAAAAPBMRTvw<span class="number">0</span>Q<span class="number">4</span>Muexq<span class="number">9</span>b<span class="keyword">i0</span>DJwx_mJ-&amp;pageurl=https://www.google.com/recaptcha/ap<span class="keyword">i2</span>/demo&amp;json=<span class="number">1</span></span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这时候我们直接向这个 URL 发起一个 GET 请求即可。 我们可以直接在浏览器里面输入这个 URL，也可以使用 requests 等请求库来完成：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">import requests</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">response = requests.<span class="builtin-name">get</span>(url)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="builtin-name">print</span>(response.json())</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>接口会返回如下格式的内容：</p>
                <figure class="highlight 1c">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">&#123;'status': <span class="number">1</span>, 'request': '<span class="number">6291941969</span>5'&#125;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>这里它返回了一个 JSON 格式的数据，其中 status 代表请求状态，如果是 1 的话，代表请求成功，另外其还会包含一个 request 字段，其内容是一个 ID，这个 ID 就是识别这个验证码的任务的 ID。因为 2Captcha 背后有很多人来帮助识别验证码，所以 2Captcha 将每个验证码的识别划分为一个个任务，每个任务都有一个唯一的 ID，刚分配任务时，这个任务被标记为 NOT_READY 状态。这些任务接下来会被分发给一个个人，识别完成之后，该任务就会被标记为已经识别状态，同时附有识别之后的信息，如 token 等内容。 好，刚才的接口请求成功之后，这个 reCAPTCHA 的识别任务就已经被下发了，其背后会有对应的人来对这个 reCAPTCHA 验证码进行识别，识别过程可能需要十几秒到几十秒不等，我们可以通过另一个接口来获取任务的结果。 获取结果的接口地址为：<a href="https://2captcha.com/res.php，同样我们需要传入一些参数，其参数介绍如下" target="_blank" rel="noopener">https://2captcha.com/res.php，同样我们需要传入一些参数，其参数介绍如下</a>：</p>
                <p>参数</p>
                <p><strong>类型</strong></p>
                <p><strong>必需</strong></p>
                <p><strong>描述</strong></p>
                <p>key</p>
                <p>String</p>
                <p>Yes</p>
                <p>API KEY</p>
                <p>action</p>
                <p>String</p>
                <p>Yes</p>
                <p>get，表示获取验证码的结果</p>
                <p>id</p>
                <p>Integer</p>
                <p>Yes</p>
                <p>任务 ID，就是刚才 in.php 接口返回的结果。</p>
                <p>json</p>
                <p>Integer Default: 0</p>
                <p>No</p>
                <p>返回 JSON 格式，1 代表使用 JSON 格式，0 代表纯文本格式</p>
                <p>在这里我们构造一个 URL，它包括如上的参数：</p>
                <ul>
                  <li>key：在这里换成你的 API KEY</li>
                  <li>action：就直接赋值 get</li>
                  <li>id：任务 ID</li>
                  <li>json：在这里用 1，即返回 JSON 格式数据</li>
                </ul>
                <p>这样我们就构造了如下的 URL：</p>
                <figure class="highlight sas">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">https://2captcha.com/res.php?<span class="meta">key</span>=c0ae5935d807c28f285e5cb16c676a48<span class="variable">&amp;action</span>=get<span class="variable">&amp;id</span>=62919419695<span class="variable">&amp;json</span>=1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>同样我们可以在浏览器中访问或者用 requests 请求，得到如下结果：</p>
                <figure class="highlight json">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"status"</span>: <span class="number">1</span>,</span><br><span class="line">    <span class="attr">"request"</span>: <span class="string">"03AOLTBLSg0fQUUMtP2o3kvJWNm6zla8MEjP_vPh629-xS-d_QrlJwMcxQfSJMUIU92noqbJ16yt5a0PdB3ORW-5MEbqK7NZ82bTnSZohCG_mYVVv8TbuvM1A99DFvlepxGEKlGCoi5lTHJd5z_QQ2mV1trGlI8VJkHjVAhLZzlz67MVgQzIu7aDl39n6aocAIVueQuCyjmA1C3hUECxpNlXJuXYVD10eJrqY_Bu36_2E0uBrmDIkAIjxCzEZWgadToU4ByLReOrNJ7_4t-P8leTUbPC5YBXvoDZZZByz8-vNnHzUu3GNNESzGSCMFfVPYumnXXI6i7TO5p1k-AElgb7qor6vDJGA_RpNNSUgAj8B0synG9APpbMQ4cEprHXle5pJtNCBX_v_8uqJLobomIx0St5l_H1tHGuTgI2UU-nWmR9TwvKp6SR-6G2Fi6pv7c8350tPbqJWWMcV0AXdfM85GjRDh2t7wh1CMukLQE21aIIwHh88kR0Fh0481Kw_umw8IfFCHyHKu8IcTERUL5LZdDzQkiGdF1wqWP-GhySMXEx-eOT7tB6SqPEAmO_mbwtJtA-qKzcHP"</span></span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>如果其返回的是如上格式的数据，就代表 reCAPTCHA 验证码已经识别成功了，其返回的 request 字段的内容就是识别的 token，我们直接拿着这个 token 放到表单里面提交就成功了。 那这个 token 怎么来用呢？ 其实如果不走 2Captcha 接口，我们如果人工验证成功之后，在其表单里面会把一个 name 叫做 g-recaptcha-response 的 textarea 赋值，如果验证成功，它的 value 值就是验证之后得到的 token，这个会作为表单提交的一部分发送到服务器进行验证。如果这个字段校验成功了，那就没问题了。 <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-12-26-024847.png" alt=""> 所以，2Captcha 相当于为我们模拟了点选验证码的过程，其最终得到的这个 token 其实就是我们应该赋值给 name 为 g-recaptcha-response 的内容。 那么怎么赋值呢？ 很简单，用 JavaScript 就好了。我们可以用 JavaScript 选取到这个 textarea，然后直接赋值即可，代码如下：</p>
                <figure class="highlight routeros">
                  <table>
                    <tr>
                      <td class="gutter">
                        <pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                      <td class="code">
                        <pre><span class="line">document.getElementById(<span class="string">"g-recaptcha-response"</span>).<span class="attribute">innerHTML</span>=<span class="string">"TOKEN_FROM_2CAPTCHA"</span>;</span><br></pre>
                      </td>
                    </tr>
                  </table>
                </figure>
                <p>注意这里的 <code>TOKEN_FROM_2CAPTCHA</code> 需要换成刚才我们所得到的 token 值。我们做爬虫模拟登录的时候，假如是用 Selenium、Puppeteer 等软件，在模拟程序里面，只需要模拟执行这段 JavaScript 代码，就可以成功赋值了。 执行之后，直接提交表单，我们查看下 Network 请求： <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-12-26-025745.png" alt=""> 可以看到其就是提交了一个表单，其中有一个字段就是 g-recaptcha-response，它会发送到服务端进行校验，校验通过，那就成功了。 所以，如果我们借助于 2Captcha 得到了这个 token，然后把它赋值到表单的 textarea 里面，表单就会提交，如果 token 有效，就能成功绕过登录，而不需要我们再去点选验证码了。 最后我们得到如下成功的页面： <img src="https://qiniu.cuiqingcai.com/2019-12-26-030006.png" alt=""> 至此，我们就成功地借助 2Captcha 来完成了 reCAPTCHA V2 验证码的识别。</p>
                <h2 id="总结"><a href="#总结" class="headerlink" title="总结"></a>总结</h2>
                <p>本节我们介绍了利用 2Captcha 来帮助识别 reCAPTCHA V2 的流程。那应该来讲，我觉得工程师使用这样的服务并不是一种令人羞耻的过程，尤其是他可以以比较低的价格实现你的需求的情况下。毕竟你的时间，本身就是一种价值。 最后 2Captcha 这个网站我放在下面，有感兴趣的朋友可以看一下。另外如果有什么爬虫方面想看的文章，也欢迎在下面留言，我们会挑选被点赞较多的主题尽快写文。谢谢！</p>
                <p><a href="http://2captcha.com/zh" target="_blank" rel="noopener">2captcha.com/zh</a></p>
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                  <li class="nav-item nav-level-2"><a class="nav-link" href="#机器学习-vs-识别服务"><span class="nav-number">1.</span> <span class="nav-text">机器学习 vs 识别服务</span></a></li>
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